Introduction The Holy Roman Empire (official name: sacrum romanum imperium, 1254; more details below) designates a political entity that covered a large portion of. CONSTITUTION Ireland is a parliamentary democracy. The National Parliament (in the Irish language, Oireachtas) consists of the President (an tUachtar This is an essay about the Treaty Clause in the Constitution.
Constitution and Government of Ireland. Constitution and Government.
Ireland. CONTENTS CONSTITUTIONIreland is a parliamentary democracy. The National Parliament (in. Irish language, Oireachtas) consists of the President (an. Uachtar. The sole and exclusive. State is vested in Parliament. The. functions and powers of the President, D.
- The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.
- The Appropriations Clause is the cornerstone of Congress's 'power of the purse.' It assigns to Congress the role of final arbiter of the use of public funds.
- While the federal government has jurisdiction over federal elections, most election laws are decided at the state level.
The Constitution of Ireland is the basic law of the State. It was. adopted by plebiscite in 1. It is the successor of the.
Constitution of D. The Constitution states that all. Government derive. It sets out the form of government and defines. President, the two Houses of the Oireachtas and.
Government. It also defines the structure and powers of the. Oireachtas. The Constitution may be amended only. The Constitution outlines what are considered the fundamental. The definition of rights in the. Constitution covers five broad headings: personal rights, the. Personal Rights: the Constitution declares that all. The Family: the State recognises the family as a moral.
Education: the State recognises the primacy of the family. Private Property: the right to own private property is. Religion: the Constitution guarantees freedom of.
Unenumerated Rights: In addition to the foregoing personal. Constitution, the Courts have held in a series of cases that. The Courts have ruled that these unenumerated personal rights.
The right to bodily integrity, the right not to have one's health. State, the (qualified) right to work and to.
State. in court, the right to justice and fair procedures, the right to. State, the right to marry, the. This list is not exhaustive and it is also likely that the Courts. Citizens, and in certain cases non- citizens, have the right to.
Constitution or to have a judgement pronounced as to. Constitution, provided. Moreover, the President may before signing a Bill.
Supreme Court for a decision on its compatibility. Constitution. These procedures have been employed on a. THE PRESIDENTThe President is the Head of State.
S/he acts on the advice and authority of the Government. Council of State. S/hereceives and accredits. Ambassadors. Every law made by Parliament is promulgated by him/her. S/he may, before signing a Bill. Supreme Court ruling on whether it is repugnant to the.
Constitution . On the nomination of the D. On the advice of the Taoiseach. D. On the advice of the Taoiseach she. Government and summons and dissolves the D. This power, which has not so far been.
Taoiseach to resign and give the D. The supreme command of the Defence Forces is vested in the. President. S/he is not answerable to either House of Parliament or. S/he may, however, be impeached for. Any Irish citizen of 3. President. The President is elected by direct vote of the people.
A President may not serve for more than two. Government is responsible to the D. Not more than two Ministers. Seanad. The Government presents its proposals to the Oireachtas (either. D. These Bills go through five stages in the House in which.
Following its presentation or introduction. Bill are debated. Bill is. then considered in committee, which is usually a committee of the. House, though it may be a special or select committee. At. this third stage the Bill is considered section by section and. At the fourth or report stage.
Bill, as reported from the committee, is considered in 'toto'. At the fifth and final stage a.
Bill. It may then be passed by the House and. House. After a Bill has been passed by both.
Houses it is sent to the President for her signature and. Bills which become law are termed Acts. Under the Constitution, the D. Parliamentary questions cannot lead to a debate or a. However, a member who is dissatisfied with an answer may.
Ceann Comhairle (Chairman) of the D. Also with the consent of the Ceann Comhairle, a member. House adjourn to discuss a matter of urgent public. The monies required by the Government for both current and. D. A Money Bill may only. D. The Ceann. Comhairle must certify that the Bill in question is a Money Bill.
The Constitution provides that the. D. The constituencies must be. These amendments are considered by the D. The. Seanad's duty in relation to finance is limited to giving.
Money Bills. In general, the. Seanad may delay for a maximum of ninety days a Bill passed by. D. Membership of the Seanad. The Seanad has sixty members: 1. Eleven are nominated by the Taoiseach.
Six are selected by graduates of the University of. Dublin, the National University of Ireland and such other.
The remaining forty- three are elected from five panels. Each panel is divided into. Oireachtas and another composed of candidates. Sittings of the Houses. Attendance at debates in the Houses is not compulsory and no. Both. meet in Leinster House, Dublin.
Privileges of members. Each House makes its own rules and standing orders, with power to. All official reports and publications of the Houses and.
House are privileged. The members of each House are, except in the case of treason. House, and are not, in respect of any utterance in either House. House. itself. Each House elects its own Chairman (Ceann Comhairle of the D. They have. charge of the conduct of proceedings and the administration of.
Houses. The outgoing Ceann Comhairle is automatically. D. THE GOVERNMENTThe executive power of the people is exercised by the Government. Under the Constitution the Government must. Departments of State. It. acts as a collective authority responsible to the D. There may be up to seventeen Ministers of State, who are not. Government but who assist specific Ministers in.
The practice is that, following a general election, the. Taoiseach first secures the support of a majority in. D. Parliamentary Elections. The lifetime of a D. In practice, however, the Taoiseach. A general election must take place within.
D. ELECTORAL SYSTEMHow the D. No person may vote more than once. Members. are elected on the system of proportional representation and by. The register of electors is compiled annually by. Postal voting is available to.
Garda S. Electors with physical disabilities or. Every Irish citizen who has reached the age of 2. Constitution. or by law, is eligible for membership of the D. There is a register of political parties. A candidate's. nomination paper may include the name of the registered political. These particulars will appear on the ballot paper. Polling takes place in schools and other suitable public.
Polling compartments are provided in which voters can. Voters must vote in person and not by. The voters mark their paper by placing the figure ' 1 ' opposite. They may then. place the figure '2' opposite the name of their second choice and. Under the single transferable vote system the elector is.
I wish to vote for A. A does not need my vote or has no chance of being elected.
B. If B in turn does not need my vote or has. C, and so on'. Counting votes. The count commences at 9 am on the day after polling day. At the. opening of the count the ballot papers are mixed together and. The total number of valid papers is then found, and.
Total valid votes. The quota, then, is the smallest number necessary to. If, on the first count, no candidate has reached the quota, the. If a candidate receives more than the. When the number of remaining candidates neither elected nor. A bye- election is held to fill a vacancy created by the death.
D. The. voting procedure in a bye- election is the same as that for a. How the Seanad is elected. An election for the Seanad must take place within ninety days of. D. The date of the first meeting of the.
Seanad is fixed by the President on the advice of. Taoiseach. There are separate systems for the election of. Panels. The numbers of members of the Seanad elected from each panel is. Five members from the cultural and educational panel.
Eleven members from the agricultural panel. Eleven members from the labour panel (representing. Nine members from the industrial and commercial panel. Seven members from the administrative panel. Formation of panels. The Clerk of the Seanad, acting as Seanad Returning Officer, is. At a Seanad. election each nominating body registered for a panel may propose.
The final nominations. Any four members of either House may nominate one candidate for.
Candidates must have knowledge and practical experience related. The Electorate. The electorate for an election of panel members to the Seanad. Each elector has only one vote for each panel.
Each panel is. counted separately and the elections conducted in accordance with. Box 9. 14. 2, Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland.
Tel: ++ 3. 53 1 2. Office Hours: 9am to 6pm GMT = 4am to 1pm ESTFeel free to contact us by going hereor by telephone or postal mail as shown above.
WHAT ARE THEY ALL DOING, ANYWAY? While this particularly firm retort was not directed at me. I could not help but jump in with a curt . We don't actually vote. President and Vice President; we, in reality, vote for ELECTORS who. President and Vice President for us, though they.
State's popular vote!! Now, HE was confused!
I pulled out an Almanac with the text of the Constitution of. United States inside and read from Article II, Section 1, clause 2: . I looked. around me- there was not a hint of recognition: that is, until I emphatically. Many are blissfully unaware- at least it. NOT. directly vote for President or Vice- President; most have some vague notion that.
This essay will be an attempt to- in chronological sequence of the. Electoral College- attempt to answer. To begin with, calling the body which actually elects the. President and Vice President of the United States the .
Instead, it. is rather purposely forced to meet in segments based on the State which. In order to understand this, as well as. Presidential Elector first began- and, to. Elector chooses as well. In short, we have to know how the conception. President of the United States itself arose in order to then. Electors actually elect that.
President. One of the many weaknesses of the Continental Congress. United States of America- the. Articles of Confederation- was that it had no permanent executive.
This was a. result of the fear of executive power engendered as a result of the. American Revolution: on the colonial- soon to become State- level, the. Governors- in most colonies, an officer of the Crown- were the .
Accordingly, the early state legislatures were given great power in the. State Constitutions: the Governor- even though elected by the People in some. States, but the legislature in most- was viewed as a necessary evil hemmed in by. New England's . So, the United. States of America would prevent the type of Tyranny they so recently fought by. State level at all! They forgot the lesson that- when it comes to.
The Articles of. Confederation was failing by the mid- 1. Congress couldn't raise revenue, it. Republic in its cradle!! Encouraged by many who were becoming more and more alarmed by. States, the. Continental Congress authorized the holding of a Convention to meet in. Philadelphia . We, of course, now know that meeting as the Constitutional.
Convention and its delegates as the Framers; we also know that they drafted a. Articles of Confederation en masse. Constitution of the United States of. America. That a permanent national executive was needed was clear to. Philadelphia that May, but what should it be?
On 1 June, James Wilson of Pennsylvania proposed that. Randolph was vehemently opposed to this. Randolph preferred a.
New England, the Middle . John Rutledge of South Carolina. Wilson's proposal was. Electoral College to. President singularly ironic!). Instead the Convention voted to. Four days later (6 June), Elbridge Gerry of.
Massachusetts would revive Wilson's proposal for electors- but as a method of. House of Representatives !!
Lord Bryce, the author of the seminal late 1. Century two- volume The American Commonwealth (which I personally. Tocqueville's Democracy in. America ), suggested comparisons to the method of choosing the Doge of.
Venice or the Holy Roman Emperor; others have made comparisons to the College of. Cardinals or the method used to elect the King of Poland (a kingdom- at. Convention- being slowly partitioned out of existence by. However, when the Convention considered electoral schemes such. American national executive.
The prevailing view of historians has been that Wilson simply. Maryland Constitution of the time for choosing. State Senate (Maryland had 9 Senators from west of Chesapeake Bay and 6. Senators from the Eastern Shore: each of these sections of the State would choose. However, James Madison- in the. Federalist- expressed the opinion that .
Madison may have simply been trying to. Electoral College system of electing the President. State government. It may be that the truth lay somewhere in between: that Wilson.
Constitution of. the southern neighbor of his own Pennsylvania (it is clear that Gerry must have. Maryland's system of electing State Senators when he proposed. But by 1. 9 July, a consensus had developed in favor of .
The next day (2. 0. July), there emerged a consensus for a system of the . Gouverneur Morris was very much opposed to choice. President. chosen by .
The whole issue would now go to the Committee on. Unfinished Portions (of which Gouverneur Morris was a member). What was reported out of this committee on 4 September.
Electoral College system pretty much as it appears in the. Constitution was presented to the Convention that day: each. State would be assigned a number of Electors equal to the number of. Senators and Representatives that State had in Congress; the Electors would meet.
States and vote for two men for President, only one of whom. State as the Elector so voting. A majority of the total. Electors would be necessary to elect the President outright.
The. problem was to have a system in place - once the General was no longer. President- to choose Washington's successors, none of whom- . State or region of the country- would have (or so the Framers. General who had only so. Continental Army through a series of harsh military.
The plan here was for the Electors collectively to put. President from different parts of the. Electors, so. much the better- he would clearly be the consensus choice of the Nation. President. Of course, for the Framers, the issue. What if- as (or so. Convention thought) was most probable- the President were.
NOT elected outright?? The solution to the failure to gain a majority of the votes of. Electors proposed by the Committee on Unfinished Portions that.
September of 1. 78. Electoral Vote. and be tied) be considered by the Senate (the President of the Senate was to.
Electors in their respective. States in any event). Objections to this were raised (George Mason opined. Senate would be choosing the President . The next day (6. September), this was changed again to . It would never meet. Electors in one State and those in another.
Each Elector would choose. Elector's first vote would be for a. State but he could not cast his second vote. State- so he would have to vote for, say.
The system was the. This is clearly how the Framers expected this. By just after the middle of June 1.
Constitution had been ratified by the minimum 9 states to put it into. Virginia and New York had. July 1. 78. 8- in order for. Federal system to be a viable one). On Saturday 1. 3 September 1. Convention in Philadelphia, the Continental. Congress (although one must wonder what that body as a whole thought of what the.
Convention had done with its original charge ! Of the 1. 0 states which would be choosing Presidential. Electors in 1. 78. North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the. Constitution and New York would end up not choosing Electors because of a. Legislature as to how to go about doing. Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia allowed direct.
Maryland and Pennsylvania by the so- called . The votes were transmitted to New York City, the temporary. Congress- as things turned out- would not be. President and Vice- President would not be. Wednesday 4 March when the old Continental Congress. Federal Government was officially born (at least on.
It wasn't until 6 April 1. First Congress had assembled and the People's business could then be legally. Congress, the. certificates of each State's Electoral Vote were opened and the results of the. Electors announced.
The Electoral Vote was counted and then. New Hampshire down the Atlantic seaboard through. Georgia, a tradition of Electoral Vote tabulation before Congress that would. Adams arrived in New York in time to take the oath of office as Vice.
President on 2. 1 April 1. President- elect Washington didn't arrive in the. Adams- until more than a week later, taking the oath of office as. President of the United States on the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street on. April 1. 78. 9. For the election of 1. New York had finally gotten its act together, North.
Carolina and Rhode Island had since finally ratified the Constitution and. Vermont and Kentucky had later been admitted to the Union) and more than a few. Electors were to be chosen: the prevailing method was by the. Delaware had switched from its use of popular vote (well..
New Hampshire. went for the . Massachusetts, however, went in the opposite direction of. New England state and made their system a bit more. The Electors. would- after casting their vote- be required to sign three certificates of. Electoral Vote from the State: one of which would.
President of the Senate (the Vice President whose. Vice. President in his capacity as President of the Senate and the third. District Court in that State. If the Vice President- at the seat of government (Philadelphia.
Washington, D. C until 1. State by the first Wednesday in January, he was to inform the. Secretary of State who would then be required to send a special messenger out to. District Court in the missing State and bring that third.
Wednesday in. February. For now, Congress would meet in joint session to open, announce. Electoral Vote on that second Wednesday in February so.
President and Vice- President could take. March. The new Volunteer State. Presidential Electors- a relatively. State. each County in Tennessee would chose 3 . Once again, it was the New England states of.
Massachusetts and New Hampshire that stubbornly held onto their respective. Constitution did and even. American Revolution itself: most of the 1. United States of America were split between. These were most noticeable in those colonies which were. Proclamation Lines of 1. British Empire attempted to keep the frontier of settlement from encroaching.
Indian lands in the Ohio Valley)- New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North. Carolina and Georgia- but they were visible in other colonies as well; New. Jersey- totally untouched by the Proclamation Lines- had .